💳 Module 4: बैंकों और Digital Tools की समझ
🏦 Types of Loans Explained
Loans को समझना financial literacy के लिए बहुत ज़रूरी है क्योंकि गलत loan लेने से interest trap में फँस सकते हैं, और सही loan financial growth में मदद करता है।
यहाँ मैं आपको Home Loan, Car Loan, Education Loan, Personal Loan और Gold Loan का detail comparison देता हूँ।
Home Loan (घर का लोन)
Purpose:
- घर खरीदने, बनाने या renovate करने के लिए
Key Points:
Interest Rate: ~8% – 10% p.a.
Tenure: 10 – 30 years
Tax Benefits:
- Sec 80C → Principal repayment पर ₹1.5 lakh/year
- Sec 24(b) → Interest पर ₹2 lakh/year
Collateral: Property itself
EMI: High लेकिन long tenure में manageable
Best For:
- Property purchase with long-term investment mindset
Caution:
- EMI ≤ 30-40% income
- Prepayment possible तो interest save होगा
Car Loan (वाहन लोन)
Purpose:
- New या used car खरीदने के लिए
Key Points:
- Interest Rate: ~8% – 12%
- Tenure: 3 – 7 years
- Collateral: Car (hypothecated to bank)
- Depreciation: Car की value हर साल कम होती है
- Tax Benefit: सिर्फ business purpose में
Best For:
- जब cash payment possible नहीं और car जरूरी है
Caution:
- Car = depreciating asset → Loan जितना छोटा, उतना अच्छा
- Down payment max करें ताकि EMI कम रहे
Education Loan (शिक्षा ऋण)
Purpose:
- Higher education (India/Abroad) fund करना
Key Points:
- Interest Rate: ~7% – 12%
- Tenure: 5 – 15 years
- Moratorium: 6-12 महीने after course completion
- Tax Benefit: Sec 80E → Interest पर 8 साल तक deduction
- Collateral: High loan amount पर property या FD required
Best For:
- जब education career growth सुनिश्चित करे
Caution:
- सिर्फ job-oriented course के लिए ही loan लें
- EMI start होने से पहले job secure करें
Personal Loan (व्यक्तिगत ऋण)
Purpose:
- कोई भी personal need (wedding, travel, emergency)
Key Points:
- Interest Rate: ~11% – 24%
- Tenure: 1 – 5 years
- Collateral: Not required (Unsecured)
- EMI: High, क्योंकि interest ज्यादा
- Prepayment charges हो सकते हैं
Best For:
- Emergency fund shortage, short-term needs
Caution:
- बार-बार personal loan लेने से credit score गिरता है
- सिर्फ genuine emergency में use करें
Gold Loan (सोने पर लोन)
Purpose:
- Gold jewellery pledge करके short-term loan लेना
Key Points:
- Interest Rate: ~7% – 15%
- Tenure: 6 months – 3 years
- Collateral: Gold jewellery (LTV ~75%)
- Processing fast, income proof नहीं चाहिए
- Risk: Default होने पर gold auction हो सकता है
Best For:
- Quick cash requirement, short-term need
Caution:
- Interest बहुत time तक देने से gold lose हो सकता है
- Time पर repayment करें
Quick Comparison Table
| Loan Type | Interest Rate | Tenure | Collateral | Tax Benefit | Best Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home Loan | 8% – 10% | 10-30 years | Property | Yes | House purchase |
| Car Loan | 8% – 12% | 3-7 years | Car | Limited | Vehicle purchase |
| Education Loan | 7% – 12% | 5-15 years | Property/FD (high) | Yes | Career-focused education |
| Personal Loan | 11% – 24% | 1-5 years | None | No | Short-term emergency |
| Gold Loan | 7% – 15% | 6m – 3 years | Gold jewellery | No | Quick short-term fund |
✅ Bottom Line
- Home/Education Loan = Good Debt (Asset/Skill create करता है)
- Car Loan = Neutral Debt (Need-based, depreciating)
- Personal/Gold Loan = Emergency Debt (High interest risk)
💡 Rule: Loan वही लें जो asset बनाए या income बढ़ाए, और EMI income के 30-40% से ज़्यादा न हो।
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